Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb rau Organic Chemicals

1. Unsaturated daim ntawv cog lus:
(1) Bromine hauv carbon tetrachloride tov, xim liab ploj mus. Kev txiav txim tsis raug: Bromine tau muab rho tawm.
(2) Potassium permanganate daws, ntshav fading.
2. Alkynes muaj acetylene hydrogen:
(1) Silver nitrate generates dawb precipitate ntawm acetylated nyiaj.
(2) Ammonia tov ntawm cuprous chloride generates liab precipitate ntawm acetylated cuprous chloride.
3. Me me cyclic hydrocarbons: Quaternary alicyclic hydrocarbons tuaj yeem ua rau brominated carbon tetrachloride tov ob txhais ceg xim.
4. Halogenated hydrocarbons: Dej cawv tov ntawm silver nitrate, generating silver halide precipitates; Cov nag lossis daus ntawm cov qauv sib txawv ntawm cov halogenated hydrocarbons sib txawv, nrog rau tertiary halogenated hydrocarbons thiab allyl halogenated hydrocarbons yog qhov ceev tshaj plaws, ua raws li theem nrab halogenated hydrocarbons, thiab thawj halogenated hydrocarbons xav tau cua sov los nag. Koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb qhov twg halogen nws yog raws li xim ntawm precipitate.
5. Cawv:
(1) Reacting nrog metallic sodium kom tso cov pa roj hydrogen (txhais tau cov cawv uas muaj tsawg dua 6 carbon atoms).
(2) Siv Lucas reagent txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov dej cawv thawj, theem nrab, thiab qib thib ob, cov dej cawv hauv theem pib tam sim ntawd dhau los ua turbid, cov cawv thib ob ua turbid tom qab tso, thiab cov cawv thawj zaug tseem tsis hloov tom qab tso.
(3) Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm diol uas nyob ib sab thiab tooj liab ion ua rau cov xim xiav xiav precipitate.
6. Phenol lossis enol compounds:
(1) Ua xim nrog cov tshuaj ferric chloride (phenol ua rau xiav ntshav).
(2) Phenol thiab bromine dej tsim ib qho dawb precipitate ntawm tribromophenol.
7. Carbonyl compounds:
(1) Txheeb xyuas tag nrho cov aldehydes thiab ketones: 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, ua daj lossis txiv kab ntxwv liab precipitates. Grignard reagent kuj tseem siv tau.
(2) Yuav kom paub qhov txawv ntawm aldehydes thiab ketones, Toronto reagent yog siv. Aldehydes tuaj yeem tsim cov iav nyiaj, thaum ketones tsis tuaj yeem.
(3) Distinguishing aromatic aldehydes los ntawm fatty aldehydes los yog ketones los ntawm fatty aldehydes, siv Fehling reagent, fatty aldehydes tsim cib liab precipitates, thaum ketones thiab aromatic aldehydes ua tsis tau.
(4) Txheeb xyuas cov methyl ketones thiab cov dej cawv ua haujlwm, siv cov tshuaj sodium hydroxide ntawm iodine los tsim cov xim daj iodoform precipitate.
8. Formic acid:
Siv cov tshuaj ammonia nyiaj, formic acid tuaj yeem tsim cov iav nyiaj, thaum lwm cov kua qaub ua tsis tau.
9. Amine: Muaj ob txoj hauv kev los paub qhov txawv ntawm thawj, theem nrab, thiab qib amines:
(1) React nrog benzenesulfonyl chloride los yog p-toluenesulfonyl chloride hauv NaOH tov, thiab cov khoom tsim los ntawm thawj amine yog soluble hauv NaOH; Cov khoom tsim los ntawm theem nrab amine yog insoluble hauv NaOH kua; Tertiary amine tsis hnov ​​​​mob.
(2) Siv NaNO2 ntxiv rau HCl:
Fatty amines: Thawj amines tso cov pa roj nitrogen, cov amines theem nrab tsim cov tshuaj daj oily, thiab tertiary amines tsis hnov ​​​​mob.
Aromatic amines: Thawj amines tsim diazonium ntsev, theem nrab amines tsim cov tshuaj daj oily, thiab tertiary amines tsim cov txiv kab ntxwv daj (acidic mob) los yog cov khib nyiab ntsuab (alkaline tej yam kev mob).
10. Qab Zib:
(1) Monosaccharides tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog Toren thiab Fehling reagents los tsim cov iav nyiaj lossis cib liab nag.
(2) Glucose thiab fructose: Bromine dej tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm qabzib thiab fructose. Glucose tuaj yeem ua rau dej bromine ploj mus, thaum fructose tsis tuaj yeem.
(3) Maltose thiab sucrose: Siv Toluene lossis Fehling reagents, maltose tuaj yeem tsim cov iav nyiaj lossis cib liab precipitates, thaum sucrose tsis tuaj yeem.