Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv organic

Organic compounds: Muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab ntau heev (ntau tshaj 30 lab paub thiab ntau lab ntxiv ntxiv txhua xyoo). Tab sis cov ntsiab lus muaj pes tsawg leeg, muaj C, H, O, N, P, S, X (halogens: F, Cl, Br, I) thiab lwm yam.
1. Bonding yam ntxwv ntawm carbon atoms nyob rau hauv cov organic tebchaw
Cov txheej txheej sab nraud ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom muaj plaub lub electrons, thiab nws tsis yooj yim rau poob lossis nce electrons los ua cations lossis anions. Carbon atoms tsim covalent compounds nrog hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus thiab lwm yam uas tsis yog hlau los ntawm covalent bonds.
Vim yog cov yam ntxwv sib txuas ntawm cov pa roj carbon atom, txhua cov pa roj carbon atom tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog tsim plaub cov ntawv cog lus nrog hydrogen atoms lossis lwm cov atoms, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem ua ke nrog covalent bonds ntawm carbon atoms. Cov pa roj carbon atoms tuaj yeem tsim tsis tau tsuas yog ib daim ntawv cog lus ruaj khov, tab sis kuj ruaj khov ob lossis peb daim ntawv cog lus. Ntau cov pa roj carbon atoms tuaj yeem ua ke nrog ib leeg kom loj hlob cov roj carbon luv luv, cov roj carbon chains tuaj yeem muaj cov ceg ntoo, tuaj yeem ua ke rau hauv cov pa roj carbon rings, carbon chains thiab carbon rings kuj tuaj yeem ua ke nrog ib leeg. Yog li ntawd, ib lub molecule uas muaj tib hom atoms thiab tib tus naj npawb ntawm cov atoms ntawm txhua yam yuav muaj ntau yam sib txawv ntawm kev sib txuas cov atoms los tsim cov molecules nrog cov qauv sib txawv.
2. Isomerism ntawm cov organic tebchaw
Cov tshuaj muaj tib cov qauv molecular, tab sis cov qauv sib txawv, yog li muaj qhov sib txawv, qhov tshwm sim no hu ua isomerism. Qhov sib xyaw nrog isomerism yog isomers ntawm ib leeg. Nyob rau hauv cov organic tebchaw, raws li tus naj npawb ntawm carbon atoms nce, tus naj npawb ntawm isomers nce. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm isomers muaj ntau heev nyob rau hauv cov organic tebchaw, uas yog ib qho laj thawj vim li cas tus naj npawb ntawm cov organic tebchaw nyob rau hauv qhov yog loj heev.